Home  ›  Make Earth Go Hard Again Hat

Make Earth Go Hard Again Hat

Written By Tuesday, March 15, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Opposing climate states on Earth

Throughout Earth'due south climate history (Paleoclimate) its climate has fluctuated between two primary states: greenhouse and icehouse Earth.[1] Both climate states final for millions of years and should not be confused with glacial and interglacial periods, which occur every bit alternating phases within an icehouse menstruum and tend to last less than 1 million years.[two] There are 5 known Icehouse periods in Earth'due south climate history, which are known equally the Huronian, Cryogenian, Andean-Saharan, Late Paleozoic, and Belatedly Cenozoic glaciations.[1] The principal factors involved in changes of the paleoclimate are believed to be the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), changes in Earth'due south orbit, long-term changes in the solar constant, and oceanic and orogenic changes from tectonic plate dynamics.[3] Greenhouse and icehouse periods accept played key roles in the evolution of life on Earth by directly and indirectly forcing biotic adaptation and turnover at diverse spatial scales across time.[4] [5]

Timeline of the five known great glaciations, shown in blue. The periods in betwixt describe greenhouse conditions.

Greenhouse World [edit]

Overview [edit]

An illustration of ice age Earth at its glacial maximum.

An illustration of ice historic period Earth at its glacial maximum.

A "greenhouse Earth" is a menstruum during which no continental glaciers exist anywhere on the planet.[6] Additionally, the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (such as h2o vapor and methane) are loftier, and bounding main surface temperatures (SSTs) range from 28 °C (82.iv °F) in the tropics to 0 °C (32 °F) in the polar regions.[seven] World has been in a greenhouse state for almost 85% of its history.[vi]

The land should not exist confused with a hypothetical runaway greenhouse event, which is an irreversible tipping point that corresponds to the ongoing runaway greenhouse effect on Venus.[viii] The IPCC states that "a 'delinquent greenhouse effect'—analogous to [that of] Venus—appears to accept virtually no run a risk of beingness induced past anthropogenic activities."[ix]

Causes [edit]

There are several theories equally to how a greenhouse Earth can come about. Geologic climate proxies signal that there is a potent correlation between a greenhouse country and high COtwo levels.[1] However, it is important to recognize that loftier CO2 levels are interpreted equally an indicator of Earth'south climate, rather than as an independent driver. Other phenomena have instead likely played a key role in influencing global climate past altering oceanic and atmospheric currents[ten] and increasing the cyberspace corporeality of solar radiations absorbed by Earth's atmosphere.[xi] Such phenomena may include but are not limited to tectonic shifts that event in the release of greenhouse gases (such as CO2 and CH4) via volcanic activity,[12] an increase in the solar constant that increases the net corporeality of solar energy absorbed into Globe's atmosphere,[eleven] and changes in Globe obliquity and eccentricity that increment the net corporeality of solar radiation absorbed into Globe's atmosphere.[eleven]

Icehouse Earth [edit]

Overview [edit]

Globe is at present in an icehouse state, and ice sheets are nowadays in both poles simultaneously.[6] Climatic proxies point that greenhouse gas concentrations tend to lower during an icehouse Earth.[xiii] Similarly, global temperatures are also lower under Icehouse weather condition.[14] Earth and so fluctuates between glacial and interglacial periods, and the size and the distribution of continental ice sheets fluctuate dramatically.[fifteen] The fluctuation of the ice sheets results in changes in regional climatic atmospheric condition that bear upon the range and the distribution of many terrestrial and oceanic species.[4] [v] [sixteen] The glacial and interglacial periods tend to alternating in accordance with solar and climatic oscillation until Earth eventually returns to a greenhouse state.[15]

Earth'south current icehouse land is known equally the Quaternary Ice Historic period and began approximately 2.58 one thousand thousand years agone.[17] Nonetheless, an ice canvas has existed in Antarctic for approximately 34 meg years.[17] Earth is now in a clement interglacial period that started approximately 11,800 years agone.[17] Globe will likely phase into another interglacial period such as the Eemian, which occurred between 130,000 and 115,000 years ago, during which prove of forest in Northward Cape, Kingdom of norway, and hippopotamus in the Rhine and Thames Rivers can exist observed.[xvi] World is expected to continue to transition between glacial and interglacial periods until the cessation of the Fourth Water ice Age and will then enter another greenhouse state.

Causes [edit]

It is well established that there is potent correlation between low COii levels and an icehouse state.[18] However, that does not mean that decreasing atmospheric levels CO2 is a primary commuter of a transition to the icehouse state.[11] [18] Rather, it may be an indicator of other solar, geologic, and atmospheric processes at piece of work.[eighteen] [10] [11]

Potential drivers of previous icehouse states include the move of the tectonic plates and the opening and the closing of oceanic gateways.[19] They seem to play a crucial part in driving Earth into an icehouse state, as tectonic shifts result in the transportation of cool, deep water, which circulates to the ocean surface and assists in water ice sheet development at the poles.[7] Examples of oceanic current shifts every bit a result of tectonic plate dynamics include the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway 36.5 one thousand thousand years ago, which separated Australia and Antarctica,[xx] [21] and the opening of the Drake Passage 32.eight 1000000 years ago past the separation of South America and Antarctica,[21] both of which are believed to take allowed for the development of the Antarctic ice canvas. The endmost of the Isthmus of Panama and of the Indonesian seaway approximately 3 to 4 meg years ago may also be a contributor to World'due south current icehouse country.[22] One proposed driver of the Ordovician Ice Age was the development of land plants. Nether that paradigm, the rapid increase in photosynthetic biomass gradually removed CO2 from the atmosphere and replaced it with increasing levels of O2, which induced global cooling.[23] One proposed driver of the Quaternary Ice age is the collision of the Indian Subcontinent with Eurasia to form the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.[17] Under that paradigm, the resulting continental migrate revealed massive quantities of unweathered silicate stone CaSiO
three , which reacted with CO2 to produce CaCO
iii (lime) and SiO
two (silica). The CaCO
3 was somewhen transported to the body of water and taken up past plankton, which and then died and sank to the bottom of the body of water, which finer removed CO2 from the temper.[17]

Glacials and interglacials [edit]

Within icehouse states are "glacial" and "interglacial" periods that cause ice sheets to build upward or to retreat. The main causes for glacial and interglacial periods are variations in the movement of Earth around the Sun.[24] The astronomical components, discovered by the Serbian geophysicist Milutin Milanković and now known as Milankovitch cycles, include the axial tilt of Earth, the orbital eccentricity (or shape of the orbit), and the precession (or wobble) of World's rotation. The tilt of the axis tends to fluctuate from 21.5° to 24.5° and back every 41,000 years on the vertical centrality. The modify actually affects the seasonality on Earth since a change in solar radiation hits certain areas of the planet more frequently on a higher tilt, and a lower tilt creates a more even set up of seasons worldwide. The changes can be seen in ice cores, which also contain evidence that during glacial times (at the maximum extension of the ice sheets), the atmosphere had lower levels of carbon dioxide. That may be acquired past the increment or the redistribution of the acid-base rest with bicarbonate and carbonate ions that deals with alkalinity. During an icehouse catamenia, just twenty% of the time is spent in interglacial, or warmer times.[24] Model simulations advise that the current interglacial climate state will continue for at least another 100,000 years because of COtwo emissions, including the complete deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere.[25]

Snowball Globe [edit]

A "snowball Earth" is the complete opposite of greenhouse Earth in which Earth's surface is completely frozen over. However, a snowball Globe technically does not have continental ice sheets like during the icehouse state. "The Great Infra-Cambrian Ice Age" has been claimed to be the host of such a world, and in 1964, the scientist Due west. Brian Harland brought forth his discovery of indications of glaciers in the depression latitudes (Harland and Rudwick). That became a trouble for Harland because of the thought of the "Runaway Snowball Paradox" (a kind of Snowball upshot) that once Earth enters the route of condign a snowball Earth, information technology would never exist able to leave that land. All the same, Joseph Kirschvink [de] brought up a solution to the paradox in 1992. Since the continents were and then huddled at the low and the middle latitudes, there was less ocean water bachelor to absorb the higher amount solar energy hitting the tropics, and there was also an increase in rainfall because more state exposed to higher solar energy might accept caused chemic weathering, which would removing COtwo from the atmosphere. Both conditions might have caused a substantial drop in CO2 atmospheric levels which resulted in cooling temperatures and increasing ice albedo (ice reflectivity of incoming solar radiation), which would farther increment global cooling (a positive feedback). That might take been the mechanism of inbound Snowball Earth state. Kirschvink explained that the way to get out of Snowball World state could be connected over again to carbon dioxide. A possible explanation is that during Snowball Earth, volcanic action would non halt but accrue atmospheric CO2. At the same time, global ice comprehend would forbid chemic weathering (particularly hydrolysis), responsible for removal of COtwo from the atmosphere. CO2 therefore accumulated in the temper. In one case the temper accumulation of CO2 reached a threshold, temperature would ascension plenty for ice sheets to start melting. That would in turn reduce the water ice albedo effect, which would in turn further reduce the ice embrace and allow an go out from Snowball Earth. At the terminate of Snowball World, before the equilibrium "thermostat" between volcanic activity and the by then slowly resuming chemical weathering was reinstated, CO2 in the temper had accumulated plenty to crusade temperatures to peak to as much as 60° C before they eventually settled down. Around the same geologic flow of Snowball Earth (it is debated if it was the crusade or the result of Snowball Earth), the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) was occurring. The result known as the Cambrian Explosion followed and produced the beginnings of populous bilateral organisms, as well as a greater multifariousness and mobility in multicellular life.[26] However, some biologists claim that a complete snowball Earth could non have happened since photosynthetic life would not accept survived under many meters of water ice without sunlight. However, sunlight has been observed to penetrate meters of ice in Antarctica[ citation needed ]. Near scientists[ citation needed ] now believe that a "difficult" Snowball Earth, i completely covered past water ice, is probably impossible. However, a "slushball Earth," with points of opening near the equator, is considered to exist possible.

Recent studies may have once more complicated the idea of a snowball Earth. In October 2011, a team of French researchers announced that the carbon dioxide during the last speculated "snowball Earth" may have been lower than originally stated, which provides a challenge in finding out how World got out of its state and whether a snowball or a slushball World occurred.[27]

Transitions [edit]

Causes [edit]

The Eocene, which occurred between 53 and 49 million years ago, was Earth's warmest temperature flow for 100 million years.[28] Notwithstanding, the "super-greenhouse" flow had eventually get an icehouse period by the late Eocene. Information technology is believed that the decline of COtwo caused the change, but mechanisms of positive feedback may have contributed to the cooling.

The best available tape for a transition from an icehouse to greenhouse menstruation in which institute life existed is for the Permian period, which occurred around 300 million years agone. A major transition took place xl one thousand thousand years ago and acquired Earth to change from a moist, icy planet in which rainforests covered the tropics to a hot, dry, and windy location in which little could survive. Professor Isabel P. Montañez of Academy of California, Davis, who has researched the time flow, constitute the climate to be "highly unstable" and to exist "marked past dips and rises in carbon dioxide."[29]

Impacts [edit]

The Eocene-Oligocene transition was the latest and occurred approximately 34 one thousand thousand years agone. It resulted in a rapid global cooling, the glaciation of Antarctica, and a series of biotic extinction events. The virtually dramatic species turnover consequence associated with the time period is the Grande Coupure, a menstruum that saw the replacement of European tree-dwelling and leaf-eating mammal species by migratory species from Asia.[30]

Research [edit]

Paleoclimatology is a branch of science that attempts to sympathize the history of greenhouse and icehouse weather over geological time. The written report of ice cores, dendrochronology, body of water and lake sediments (varve), palynology, (paleobotany), isotope assay (such every bit radiometric dating and stable isotope analysis), and other climate proxies allows scientists to create models of Earth'south past energy budgets and the resulting climate. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the Permian age rocked back and along between 250 parts per million, which is close to today's levels, upward to 2,000 parts per million.[29] Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "hothouse" or "super-greenhouse" Eocene was in a "permanent El Nino state" later on the 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high breadth surface temperatures shut down the Pacific Ocean'southward El Nino-Southern Oscillation.[31] A theory was suggested for the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the sudden decrease of the carbon isotopic limerick of the global inorganic carbon pool by two.5 parts per one thousand thousand.[32] A hypothesis posed for this drop of isotopes was the increase of marsh gas hydrates, the trigger for which remains a mystery. The increase of atmospheric methane, which happens to exist a strong but short-lived greenhouse gas, increased the global temperatures by 6 °C with the assist of the less potent carbon dioxide.[ commendation needed ]

List of icehouse and greenhouse periods [edit]

  • A greenhouse period ran from 4.6 to ii.4 billion years ago.
  • Huronian Glaciation – an icehouse period that ran from ii.4 billion to 2.ane billion years ago
  • A greenhouse period ran from 2.ane billion to 720 million years ago.
  • Cryogenian – an icehouse period that ran from 720 to 635 one thousand thousand years ago during which the entire Earth was at times frozen over
  • A greenhouse period ran from 635 million years ago to 450 1000000 years ago.
  • Andean-Saharan glaciation – an icehouse period that ran from 450 million to 420 one thousand thousand years ago
  • A greenhouse period ran from 420 million years ago to 360 meg years ago.
  • Late Paleozoic Water ice Age – an icehouse menstruum that ran from 360 million to 260 million years ago
  • A greenhouse menstruum ran from 260 million years ago to 33.9 million years ago.
  • Late Cenozoic Ice Historic period – the current icehouse menstruation, which began 33.9 one thousand thousand years agone

Modern weather [edit]

Currently, Earth is in an icehouse climate land. Well-nigh 34 million years ago, ice sheets began to form in Antarctica; the ice sheets in the Arctic did non beginning forming until ii million years ago.[33] Some processes that may have led to the current icehouse may be connected to the evolution of the Himalayan Mountains and the opening of the Drake Passage betwixt South America and Antarctica, merely climate model simulations suggest that the early opening of the Drake Passage played only a express office, and the later constriction of the Tethys and Central American Seaways is more important in explaining the observed Cenozoic cooling.[34] Scientists have tried to compare the past transitions between icehouse and greenhouse, and vice versa, to sympathise what type of climate country Earth will have adjacent.

Without the human influence on the greenhouse gas concentration, a glacial menstruation would be the next climate country. Predicted changes in orbital forcing suggest that in absence of human-made global warming, the next glacial period would begin at least 50,000 years from now[35] (run across Milankovitch cycles), but the ongoing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions mean the next climate state will be a greenhouse World menstruum.[33] Permanent ice is actually a rare miracle in the history of Earth and occurs only in coincidence with the icehouse result, which has affected about 20% of Earth's history.

See besides [edit]

  • List of periods and events in climate history

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Auteur., Summerhayes, Colin P.. (8 September 2020). Palaeoclimatology : from snowball globe to the anthropocene. ISBN978-i-119-59138-2. OCLC 1236201953. Archived from the original on eighteen April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  2. ^ Paillard, D. (2006-07-28). "Atmosphere: What Drives the Ice Age Cycle?". Science. 313 (5786): 455–456. doi:x.1126/science.1131297. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16873636. S2CID 128379788. Archived from the original on 2021-eleven-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  3. ^ P., Summerhayes, C. (13 July 2015). Earths evolving climate : a geological perspective. ISBN978-1-118-89737-9. OCLC 907811494. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  4. ^ a b Godfrey, Laurie R.; Samonds, Karen Eastward.; Baldwin, Justin W.; Sutherland, Michael R.; Kamilar, Jason M.; Allfisher, Kristen L. (2020-08-08). "Mid-Cenozoic climate change, extinction, and faunal turnover in Republic of madagascar, and their begetting on the evolution of lemurs". BMC Evolutionary Biological science. 20 (i): 97. doi:ten.1186/s12862-020-01628-1. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC7414565. PMID 32770933.
  5. ^ a b Nge, Francis J.; Biffin, Ed; Thiele, Kevin R.; Waycott, Michelle (2020-01-22). "Extinction pulse at Eocene–Oligocene boundary drives diversification dynamics of two Australian temperate floras". Proceedings of the Imperial Guild B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1919): 20192546. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2546. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC7015341. PMID 31964242.
  6. ^ a b c Understanding Earth'due south Deep Past. 2011-08-02. doi:ten.17226/13111. ISBN978-0-309-20915-1. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  7. ^ a b Stella., Woodard (2012). Oceanic and atmospheric response to climate change over varying geologic timescales. [Texas A & Grand Academy]. OCLC 805585971. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  8. ^ Steffen, Will; Rockström, Johan; Richardson, Katherine; Lenton, Timothy M.; Folke, Carl; Liverman, Diana; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cornell, Sarah E.; Crucifix, Michel; Donges, Jonathan F.; Fetzer, Ingo; Lade, Steven J.; Scheffer, Marten; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (2018-08-06). "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene". Proceedings of the National University of Sciences. 115 (33): 8252–8259. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.8252S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810141115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC6099852. PMID 30082409.
  9. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-09. Retrieved 2018-xi-02 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
  10. ^ a b Immature, Grant Thousand. (March 2019). "Aspects of the Archean-Proterozoic transition: How the great Huronian Glacial Event was initiated past rift-related uplift and terminated at the rift-drift transition during interruption-upwardly of Lauroscandia". Globe-Science Reviews. 190: 171–189. Bibcode:2019ESRv..190..171Y. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.013. ISSN 0012-8252. Archived from the original on 2021-xi-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  11. ^ a b c d e Haigh, Joanna D.; Cargill, Peter (2015-06-23). The Dominicus'due south Influence on Climate. Princeton University Press. doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691153834.001.0001. ISBN978-0-691-15383-iv. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  12. ^ Schmidt, Anja; Fristad, Kirsten E.; Elkins-Tanton, Linda T., eds. (2015). Volcanism and Global Environmental Change. Cambridge University Press. doi:x.1017/cbo9781107415683. ISBN9781107415683. Archived from the original on 2021-xi-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  13. ^ "Review of "Global mean surface temperature and climate sensitivity of the EECO, PETM and latest Paleocene"". 2020-02-14. doi:x.5194/cp-2019-167-rc1.
  14. ^ Zhang, Laiming (2019). "The development of latitudinal temperature gradients from the latest Cretaceous through the Present". Earth-Scientific discipline Reviews. 189: 147–158. Bibcode:2019ESRv..189..147Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.025. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 – via Scientific discipline Direct.
  15. ^ a b Summerhayes, C. P. (2020). Palaeoclimatology : from snowball earth to the anthropocene. Chichester, West Sussex. ISBN978-1-119-59138-2. OCLC 1145913723. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  16. ^ a b van Kolfschoten, Thursday. (August 2000). "The Eemian mammal fauna of key Europe". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 79 (ii–3): 269–281. doi:10.1017/s0016774600021752. ISSN 0016-7746.
  17. ^ a b c d due east Rose, James (January 2010). "4th climates: a perspective for global warming". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 121 (3): 334–341. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.07.001. ISSN 0016-7878. Archived from the original on 2021-xi-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  18. ^ a b c Woodard, S. C., & Thomas, D. J. (2012). Oceanic and atmospheric response to climate change over varying geologic timescales. by Stella C. Woodard. [Texas A&M University].
  19. ^ SMITH, ALAN Thousand.; PICKERING, KEVIN T. (May 2003). "Oceanic gateways as a disquisitional cistron to initiate icehouse Earth". Journal of the Geological Club. 160 (iii): 337–340. Bibcode:2003JGSoc.160..337S. doi:10.1144/0016-764902-115. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 127653725. Archived from the original on 2007-eleven-30. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  20. ^ The Tasmanian Gateway Between Australia and Antarctica: Paleoclimate and Paleoceanography. ODP Preliminary Written report. Vol. 189. Ocean Drilling Program. June 2000. doi:10.2973/odp.pr.189.2000. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  21. ^ a b Stant, Southward.A.; Lara, J.; McGonigal, K.L.; Ladner, B.C. (2004-04-22), "Quaternary Nannofossil Biostratigraphy from Ocean Drilling Programme Leg 189, Tasmanian Gateway", Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Programme, 189 Scientific Results, Proceedings of the Sea Drilling Program, Sea Drilling Program, vol. 189, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.189.109.2004, archived from the original on 2021-11-21, retrieved 2021-04-15
  22. ^ Smith, Alan G.; Kevin T. Pickering (2003). "Oceanic gateways as a critical factor to initiate icehouse World". Journal of the Geological Society. 160 (three): 337–340. Bibcode:2003JGSoc.160..337S. doi:10.1144/0016-764902-115. S2CID 127653725.
  23. ^ Lenton, Timothy G.; Crouch, Michael; Johnson, Martin; Pires, Nuno; Dolan, Liam (February 2012). "Start plants cooled the Ordovician". Nature Geoscience. 5 (ii): 86–89. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5...86L. doi:10.1038/ngeo1390. ISSN 1752-0894. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-04-17 .
  24. ^ a b Broecker, Wallace South.; George H. Denton (January 1990). "What Drives Glacial Cycles". Scientific American. 262: 49–56. Bibcode:1990SciAm.262a..49B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0190-48.
  25. ^ A. Ganopolski; R. Winkelmann; H. J. Schellnhuber (2016). "Critical insolation–CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception". Nature. 529 (7585): 200–203. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..200G. doi:10.1038/nature16494. PMID 26762457. S2CID 4466220.
  26. ^ Maruyama, S.; M. Santosh (2008). "Models on Snowball Earth and Cambrian explosion: A synopsis". Gondwana Research. 14 (1–2): 22–32. Bibcode:2008GondR..14...22M. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2008.01.004.
  27. ^ CNRS, Delegation Paris Michel-Ange. "Snowball Earth's hypothesis challenged". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on nineteen Oct 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  28. ^ Herath, Anuradha Yard. "From Greenhouse to icehouse". Astrobio. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  29. ^ a b Academy of California-Davis. "A Bumpy Shift from Ice Firm to Greenhouse". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  30. ^ Prothero, D. R. (1994-01-01). "The Late Eocene-Oligocene Extinctions". Annual Review of World and Planetary Sciences. 22 (one): 145–165. Bibcode:1994AREPS..22..145P. doi:ten.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001045.
  31. ^ Huber, Matthew; Rodrigo Caballero (7 February 2003). "Eocene El Nino: Bear witness for Robust Tropical Dynamics in the "Hothouse"". Science. 299 (5608): 877–881. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..877H. doi:10.1126/science.1078766. PMID 12574626. S2CID 19838005.
  32. ^ Higgins, John A.; Daniel P. Schrag (2006). "Beyond Methane: Towards a theory for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum". Earth and Planetary Scientific discipline Letters. 245 (three–4): 523–537. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.245..523H. doi:ten.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.009.
  33. ^ a b Montanez, Isabel; G.S. Soreghan (March 2006). "Earth's Fickle Climate: Lessons Learned from Deep-Time Ice Ages". Geotimes. 51: 24–27.
  34. ^ "Zhang, Zhongshi & Nisancioglu, Kerim & Flatøy, F. & Bentsen, K. & Bethke, I. & Wang, H.. (2009). Did the opening of the Drake Passage play a significant role in Cenozoic cooling?". Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2020-09-fourteen .
  35. ^ Berger A, Loutre MF (August 2002). "Climate. An exceptionally long interglacial alee?". Science. 297 (5585): 1287–viii. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1076120. PMID 12193773. S2CID 128923481.

cobbclawaste.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth

0 Response to "Make Earth Go Hard Again Hat"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel